Medición
Como se mide o gasto enerxético humano
A taxa metabólica é unha das cousas máis medibles sobre ti, e unha das máis consistentemente mal descritas.
Os catro compoñentes
| Compoñente | Aproximadamente | Que tan variable |
|---|---|---|
| Taxa metabólica en repouso | 60-70% do total | Determinada en gran medida pola masa sen graxa |
| Efecto térmico dos alimentos | ~10% da ingesta | Modestamente maior en dietas altas en proteínas |
| Actividade física | Altamente variable | Calquera cousa que fagas deliberadamente |
| Actividade non física (NEAT) | A carta comodín | Varía varias veces entre persoas e dentro dunha persoa |
O NEAT é onde vive a maior parte da verdadeira variación entre persoas: mover-se, postura, movemento espontáneo. É tamén o compoñente que cae silenciosamente durante unha dieta, que é unha gran parte do que as persoas experimentan como o seu metabolismo "ralentizándose".
Augas dobramente etiquetadas
O método de referencia funciona facendo que bebas auga etiquetada con isótopos estables de hidróxeno e oxíxeno, e logo rastrexando a súa eliminación diferencial. A diferenza entre eles reflicte a produción de dióxido de carbono e, polo tanto, o gasto enerxético, durante unha a dúas semanas de vida ordinaria. É caro e é indiscutible.
Unha revisión sistemática do gasto enerxético total medido desta maneira en adultos ofrece a imaxe actual [2], e as análises agrupadas produciron estimacións tanto do gasto en repouso como do total en diferentes poboacións [4][5]. O traballo en nenos con enfermidades crónicas mostra a mesma metodoloxía aplicada onde as ecuacións de predición fallan con máis forza [1].
Augas dobramente etiquetadas como método de referencia
Por que o teu rastreador de fitness non coincide co teu aplicativo
Unha meta-análise validou métodos de avaliación dietética contra augas dobramente etiquetadas [3]. O achado é incómodo e consistente: as persoas subreportan a ingesta de forma substancial, e o subreporte é maior en persoas con maior peso corporal. Non é un engano deliberado: a estimación de porcións é realmente difícil, e ningún diario de alimentos captura o aceite de cociña con precisión.
No lado do gasto, as ecuacións predictivas foron comparadas sistematicamente en adultos sanos e en atletas, e existe unha guía de boas prácticas para medir correctamente a taxa metabólica en repouso. Todas son medias poboacionais con barras de erro individuais de varios centos de quilocalorías.
Disponibilidade de enerxía, non só ingesta
Un concepto distinto é importante para calquera que se adestre seriamente: a dispoñibilidade de enerxía é a ingesta menos o gasto por exercicio, en relación coa masa sen graxa. A dispoñibilidade crónicamente baixa suprime a función fisiolóxica moito antes de que pareza un trastorno da alimentación. Un ensaio aleatorizado atopou que a baixa dispoñibilidade de enerxía reducía a síntese de proteínas miofibrilares e sarcoplasmáticas, e interviñéronse educacións nutricionais para abordar isto.
O sono interfire con todo isto: a restrición do sono cambiou a composición da perda de peso nun ensaio aleatorizado, e a extensión do sono cambiou a ingesta de enerxía medida obxectivamente [6]. Máis na nosa páxina de evidencia sobre o sono.
Cambia a composición da dieta o gasto?
Un pouco, e o tamaño do efecto é realmente contestado. Un ensaio aleatorizado prominente examinou o gasto enerxético durante o mantemento da perda de peso cunha dieta baixa en carbohidratos [7] e informou dunha diferenza; a análise foi debatida extensamente desde entón. O resumo honesto é que calquera efecto é pequeno en relación coa diferenza entre o que as persoas pensan que comen e o que realmente comen.
Preguntas frecuentes
Teño un metabolismo lento?
Paga a pena facer unha proba metabólica nun ximnasio?
Comer con máis frecuencia acelera o metabolismo?
Por que se estancou a miña perda de peso?
Lectura relacionada
Referencias
Cada cita abaixo enlaza co rexistro orixinal revisado por pares en PubMed ou a través de DOI. Nada aquí substitúe o consello médico.
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