Mæling
Hvernig er orkuútgjald manna mælt
Efnaskipti er eitt af þeim hlutum sem er auðvelt að mæla um þig, og eitt af þeim sem er oftast rangt lýst.
Fjórir þættir
| Þáttur | Að mestu leyti | Hversu breytilegur |
|---|---|---|
| Hvíldarefnaskipti | 60-70% af heild | Að mestu leyti ákvarðað af fitulausri massa |
| Hitauppstreymisáhrif matar | ~10% af inntöku | Miklu hærra á hápróteindietum |
| Hreyfing | Mjög breytileg | Hvað sem þú gerir viljandi |
| Óhreyfingarvirkni (NEAT) | Villti þátturinn | Breytist í mörgum sinnum milli fólks og innan einstaklings |
NEAT er þar sem mestur raunverulegur mismunur milli einstaklinga er — hreyfingar, líkamsstaða, sjálfkrafa hreyfing. Það er einnig þátturinn sem fellur hljóðlega á meðan á mataræði stendur, sem er stór hluti af því sem fólk upplifir sem að efnaskipti "hægi á sér".
Tvískipt vatn
Viðmiðunaraðferðin virkar með því að láta þig drekka vatn merkt stöðugum ísótópum vetnis og súrefnis, og fylgjast síðan með mismunandi útrás þeirra. Munurinn á þeim endurspeglar koltvísýring framleiðslu, og þar með orkunotkun, yfir eina til tvær vikur af venjulegu lífi. Það er dýrt og óumdeilanlegt.
Kerfisbundin endurskoðun á heildar orkunotkun mæld á þennan hátt hjá fullorðnum gefur núverandi mynd [2], og sameinaðar greiningar hafa gefið til kynna bæði hvíldar- og heildar orkunotkun í mismunandi hópum [4][5]. Vinna með börnum með langvinna sjúkdóma sýnir sömu aðferðafræði þar sem forspárjafnanir bregðast verst [1].
Tvískipt vatn sem viðmiðunaraðferð
Af hverju er heilsufarsmælarinn þinn ósammála forritinu þínu
Meta-greining staðfesti aðferðir við mat á mataræði gegn tvískiptum vatni [3]. Niðurstaðan er óþægileg og samræmd: fólk vanmetur inntöku verulega, og vanmælingin er meiri hjá fólki með hærri líkamsþyngd. Það er ekki viljandi blekking — skynjun á skammtum er raunverulega erfið, og engin mataræði skrá fanga eldsneyti nákvæmlega.
Á hlið orkunotkunar voru forspárjafnanir bornar saman kerfisbundið hjá heilbrigðum fullorðnum og í íþróttamönnum, og bestu leiðbeiningar eru til um að mæla hvíldarefnaskipti rétt. Allar eru þær meðalmælingar fyrir hópa með einstaklingsvillum sem eru nokkur hundruð kílókalóríur.
Orkuframboð, ekki bara inntaka
Sérstakt hugtak skiptir máli fyrir alla sem þjálfa alvarlega: orkuframboð er inntaka mínus hreyfingarorkunotkun, miðað við fitulausan massa. Langvarandi lágt framboð bæla lífeðlisfræðilega virkni vel áður en það lítur út eins og mataræði. Rannsóknarpróf fann að lágt orkuframboð minnkaði myofibrillar og sarcoplasmic próteinmyndun, og næringarfræðslu íhlutanir hafa verið prófaðar til að takast á við það.
Svefn hefur áhrif á allt þetta — svefnskerting breytti samsetningu þyngdartaps í rannsóknarprófi, og svefnaukning breytti hlutlægt mældri orkuinntöku [6]. Frekari upplýsingar á okkar svefnvísindasíðu.
Breytir mataræðissamsetning orkunotkun?
Smá, og stærð áhrifanna er raunverulega umdeild. Fræg rannsóknarpróf skoðaði orkunotkun meðan á þyngdartapsviðhaldi á lágu kolvetnismataræði [7] og skýrði frá mun; greiningin hefur verið deilt um ítrekað síðan. Heiðarleg samantekt er sú að hvaða áhrif sem eru lítil miðað við muninn á því sem fólk heldur að það borði og því sem það borðar.
Algengar spurningar
Er ég með hægt efnaskiptahraða?
Er efnaskiptamæling í ræktinni þess virði?
Eykur tíðari máltíðir efnaskiptahraða?
Af hverju stöðvaðist þyngdartapið hjá mér?
Tengd lesefni
Tilvísanir
Hver tilvísun hér að neðan tengist upprunalegu ritrýndu skjalinu á PubMed eða í gegnum DOI. Ekkert hér er staðgengill fyrir læknisfræðilega ráðgjöf.
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